Human papillomavirus (HPV)

There are various forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) which can cause different illnesses. Vaccination protects against infection with the most harmful types of HPV. HPV is responsible for various forms of cancer, in particular cervical cancer, anal cancer, penis cancer and oropharyngeal cancer.

Who does HPV affect?

It is estimated that 70% to 80% of sexually active people contract some form of HPV in their lifetime. In 90% of cases, the virus goes away on its own within two years.

The risk of infection is highest at the beginning of sexual activity. The occurrence of HPV infections increases with the number of sexual partners.

People with HIV are much more susceptible to HPV-related illnesses and are more likely to suffer genital warts, cervical cancer and anal cancer than those without HIV.

How are HPV transmitted?

HPV can be transmitted through almost any sexual practice, but especially oral, vaginal and anal sex. HPV can also be transmitted via hands or sex toys.

It is also possible to transmit it within your own body, in particular from the vagina to the anal area.

How can I protect myself against HPV?

Vaccination protects against infection with the main types of the virus. The vaccine protects against 95% of cancer-causing types of HPV.

The HPV vaccine is advisable for everyone, and should ideally be administered before sexual activity begins, although it is still effective after this point.

What symptoms can appear with HPV?

The vast majority of infections are asymptomatic and do not cause any damage to health.

Some types of HPV can cause skin changes in the form of warts, for example genital warts on the inside and outside of the genitals.

How do they test for HPV?

There is no reason to test for HPV, as there are no treatments for it. Vaccination offers the best protection.

Additional preventive checkups are recommended:

  • People with vaginas should take regular cervical smears (pap tests).
  • People with HIV should undergo annual checkups for the preliminary stages of anal and cervical cancer.

Men who have sex with men should consult a medical specialist to discuss which preventive checkups are advisable, if any.

How are HPV treated?

There is no treatment for HPV. In most cases, an HPV infection goes away on its own. Symptoms such as genital warts and cancer can be treated.